Just as language can serve to exclude, so can appearance. After living most of her teenage years in Singapore, Erika had come to think of this country as her home, introducing herself to peers at her American university as being from there.
However, even after Erika changed her clothing style enough for her peers to invite her into their community, she did not fully fit in. More telling than clothing, gestures, or accents, are skin color and racial features.
While Erika associated herself with Singapore, upon a trip back to the country after college, Erika found out that she did not belong there either. Erika was distressed to find that as a young white woman she stood out from other Singaporeans. In other words, the fact that we will never get to see everyone in our community, and much less our country, does not prevent us from feeling connected to our fellow citizens based on our cultural and ethnic similarities.
Nationalism is not the same as patriotism. While patriotism is a bit more of a vague word to describe the love and devotion to a country, its ideals and values, nationalism is more the promotion of a nation's culture, language, and supremacy above others.
In this sense, nationalism is often race or ethnicity-driven, which can have dangerous implications. Patriotism can be seen in things like the singing of the national anthem at a World Cup soccer game, the decorations on a table for the 4th of July, or the dedication service men and women show through their heroism. It is far less ideologically destructive than nationalism and doesn't necessitate the same devotions.
Tribalism is the "tribal consciousness and loyalty, especially exaltation of the tribe above other groups," which is similar in nature to nationalism. However, there is a great deal more specificity in cause in tribalism than in nationalism.
While nationalism is confined by country borders, language, or other things like ethnicity, tribalism can be defined by common cause, religion, or traditions. Although up to some debate, examples of tribalism can include the KKK. However, in , the Huffington Post even called political parties like liberals and conservatives "tribes," claiming that "America's new tribalism can be seen most distinctly in its politics.
Nowadays the members of one tribe calling themselves liberals, progressives, and Democrats hold sharply different views and values than the members of the other conservatives, Tea Partiers, and Republicans. While it can be easy to confuse tribalism and nationalism as they are often in association with one another , there are important distinctions - namely, the confines of the nation itself. Historically, nationalism has used the economic, political, and cultural spheres as a means to promote the wellbeing and superiority of a given nation over that of all others.
Nationalism was first used in the 18th century as a common way to define and promote a nation according to "ethnographic principles. By the 18th and 19th centuries, however, the French and American revolutions sparked a new age of nationalism that promoted a unified nation and its political and economic interests - namely, capitalism. While Europe was in a state of political and ideological war with those like Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Napoleon shaping nationalist ideals in France and Otto von Bismarck unifying Germany in , nationalism began taking on stronger implications.
And, alongside the strong sense of national identity came the more dangerous ideas of racial and national superiority. Fascist regimes like those of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler used the economic and political turmoil of the early 20th century to subjugate individualism to the needs of the nation by banking on national identity and tradition. Hitler's Nazi party hinged on the ideals of the superiority of the Aryan race and the German peoples' supposed cultural, intellectual, and militaristic supremacy to all other nations.
The Allied nations were ultimately successful in stamping out the nationalist threat from countries like Italy and Germany, but the rise of global organizations to combat nationalism, like the United Nations, have come with their own problems.
The Difference Between 'Patriotism' and 'Nationalism' Although treated as synonyms, there is a distinction. Style: MLA. Kids Definition of nationalism. Get Word of the Day daily email! Test Your Vocabulary. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Love words? Need even more definitions? Just between us: it's complicated. Ask the Editors 'Everyday' vs. What Is 'Semantic Bleaching'? How 'literally' can mean "figuratively". Is it the government in power?
Is it the system of government? Is it the moral creed or the historic ideas on which government rests. Is it the duly elected leaders? Is it the enduring cultural complex? It is thus possible for all manner of activities to be defined as loyal by all manner of men. The legal documents define disloyalty: treason, espionage, sabotage, and related crimes. A citizen can be exclusively concerned with private affairs and he can still assume that his fulfils his role as citizen The center of his life and the center of his interests are rarely the nation.
The segmentation of life makes possible the segmentation of loyalties. Expressions of loyalty to the nation seldom conflict with the expression of other loyalties. According to Hertz , national aspirations are composed of four elements: the striving for national unity, the striving for national freedom, the striving for separateness, distinctiveness, individuality, originality, or peculiarity, and the striving for distinction among nations.
Hertz considers the striving for distinction among nations to be the strongest of all four aspirations and to underlie them all. Distinction is to be made between crimes inspired by a supraindividual entity and committed in its name and crimes, the perpetrator of which, tries to justify by referring to the dictates and interests of a supraindividual entity.
Braunthal , in a more open and direct form, expresses the same opinion about the perilousness of nationalist views. In the age of modern warfare and world-wide economic interdependence it became, however, the most destructive force. Hitherto, nationalist emotion sought its political satisfaction in the sovereignty and grandeur of the national State.
In the atomic age, however, national egotism conflicts with the conditions for national self-preservation, because national self-preservation requires the subordination of national sovereignty to an international sovereignty and the subordination of national economic interests to those of the whole world.
The true nationalist must therefore become a true internationalist in order to avoid the peril of the impoverishment and destruction of his nation. This author points out that the dehumanization of people of other races is a part of the rationalization process designed to provide acceptable reason for killing, especially mass killing. Rationalization actually encompasses two steps. The first step is deindividualization: people of another ethnonational background and another race, too are not looked upon as individuals but rather as a type or a stereotype.
The stereotypical view of other people supersedes the individualized approach aimed at respecting the individual specificities of every human being.
McCall et al. Although they considers a relationship between two individuals to be the basic form of social relationship and thereby of social organization, the authors assert that a dyadic relationship is in many regards comparable to relations existing in groups and communities. Allport points out that attitude and belief are at one and the same time related and different, particularly ethnocentric attitudes and beliefs e.
The process is one of rationalization—of the accommodation of beliefs to attitudes. According to van Dijk , ethnic prejudice has five basic properties. Bay et al. Both can be presented on a dimension. On one pole of this dimension are persons showing a high power orientation, low people orientation, and strong hostility toward outgroups; on the other pole are persons showing low power orientation, high people orientation, and no or very little hostility to outgroups.
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