Within MLA style, the format of the citation also tells you "what"--that this source is a journal article that you accessed through an online database.
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See each syllabus page for further information regarding specific HSC course requirements. Learning to acknowledge sources appropriately will be very helpful to you if you continue on to university, TAFE or other tertiary studies.
Students who do not acknowledge the sources they have used, properly or at all, may be guilty of plagiarism. This is a very serious issue and may affect a student's marks and eligibility for the HSC.
Q: You have gained permission from the publisher of a series of photographs on tropical rainforests to use a copy of one of the photographs as the cover page of your Geography assignment. A: Yes. The individual photographer has moral rights.
On your final check, you realise that you have not acknowledged the source of one of the key ideas used in the creation of your work. Worse still, you have lost the details of the source and you really can't be bothered spending additional time searching for details of the source. There is an extra period before the citation. With a short quote, you put the end punctuation after the citation. The following subsections discuss the correct format for various types of in-text citations.
Read them through quickly to get a sense of what is covered, and then refer to them again as needed. Include a page reference whenever you quote a source directly. See also the guidelines presented earlier in this chapter about when to include a page reference for paraphrased material. At times, your research may include multiple works by the same author.
If the works were published in different years, a standard in-text citation will serve to distinguish them. If you are citing multiple works by the same author published in the same year, include a lowercase letter immediately after the year.
Rank the sources in the order they appear in your references section. The source listed first should include an a after the year, the source listed second should include a b , and so on. Rodriguez a criticized the nutrition supplement industry for making unsubstantiated and sometimes misleading claims about the benefits of taking supplements. Additionally, he warned that consumers frequently do not realize the potential harmful effects of some popular supplements Rodriguez, b.
In this case, this is acceptable because this is referring to a different source written by the same person. Do so even if the publication years are different. Williams believes nutritional supplements can be a useful part of some diet and fitness regimens. Williams , however, believes these supplements are overrated. According to two leading researchers, the rate of childhood obesity exceeds the rate of adult obesity K.
Connelley, ; O. Connelley, Studies from both A. Wright and C. Wright confirm the benefits of diet and exercise on weight loss. Use the word and , however, if the names appear in your sentence. Et al. Note that these examples follow the same ampersand conventions as sources with two authors.
As Henderson et al. Disturbingly, some young women use smoking as a means of appetite suppression Henderson et al. Note how the phrase et al. There is no period comes after et , but there is one with al. In parenthetical references, include a comma after et al. Researchers have found that outreach work with young people has helped reduce tobacco use in some communities Costello et al.
Lengthy organization names with well-known abbreviations can be abbreviated. In your first citation, use the full name, followed by the abbreviation in square brackets. Subsequent citations may use the abbreviation only.
Another cause for concern is that even if patients realize that they have had a stroke and need medical attention, they may not know which nearby facilities are best equipped to treat them AHA, You may use the full title in your sentence or use the first few words—enough to convey the key ideas—in a parenthetical reference.
Follow standard conventions for using italics or quotations marks with titles:. To cite a source that is referred to within another secondary source, name the first source in your sentence. Then, in parentheses, use the phrase as cited in and the name of the second source author. At times, you may provide more than one citation in a parenthetical reference, such as when you are discussing related works or studies with similar results.
List the citations in the same order they appear in your references section, and separate the citations with a semicolon. Both of these researchers authored works that support the point being made in this sentence, so it makes sense to include both in the same citation. In some cases, you may need to cite an extremely well-known work that has been repeatedly republished or translated.
Many works of literature and sacred texts, as well as some classic nonfiction texts, fall into this category. For these works, the original date of publication may be unavailable. If so, include the year of publication or translation for your edition. Refer to specific parts or chapters if you need to cite a specific section. Discuss with your instructor whether he or she would like you to cite page numbers in this particular instance.
In this example, the student is citing a classic work of psychology, originally written in German and later translated to English. To cite an introduction, foreword, preface, or afterword, cite the author of the material and the year, following the same format used for other print materials.
Whenever possible, cite electronic sources as you would print sources, using the author, the date, and where appropriate, a page number. For some types of electronic sources—for instance, many online articles—this information is easily available. Other times, however, you will need to vary the format to reflect the differences in online media. If an online source has no page numbers but you want to refer to a specific portion of the source, try to locate other information you can use to direct your reader to the information cited.
Some websites number paragraphs within published articles; if so, include the paragraph number in your citation. Precede the paragraph number with the abbreviation for the word paragraph and the number of the paragraph e. Even if a source does not have numbered paragraphs, it is likely to have headings that organize the content.
In your citation, name the section where your cited information appears, followed by a paragraph number. This student cited the appropriate section heading within the website and then counted to find the specific paragraph where the cited information was located. If an online source has no listed author and no date, use the source title and the abbreviation n.
For personal communications, such as interviews, letters, and emails, cite the name of the person involved, clarify that the material is from a personal communication, and provide the specific date the communication took place.
Note that while in-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, personal communications are an exception to this rule. They are cited only in the body text of your paper.
Yardley, M. At work, you may sometimes share information resources with your colleagues by photocopying an interesting article or forwarding the URL of a useful website. Your goal in these situations and in formal research citations is the same: to provide enough information to help your professional peers locate and follow up on potentially useful information. Provide as much specific information as possible to achieve that goal, and consult with your supervisor or professor as to what specific style he or she may prefer.
The brief citations included in the body of your paper correspond to the more detailed citations provided at the end of the paper in the references section.
In-text citations are necessary within your writing to show where you have borrowed ideas or quoted directly from another author. These are kept short because you do not want to disrupt the flow of your writing and distract the reader.
While the in-text citation is very important, it is not enough to enable yourreaders to locate that source if they would like to use it for their own research. The references section of your essay may consist of a single page for a brief research paper or may extend for many pages in professional journal articles.
This section provides detailed information about how to create the references section of your paper. You will review basic formatting guidelines and learn how to format bibliographical entries for various types of sources. As you create this section of your paper, follow the guidelines provided here. To set up your references section, use the insert page break feature of your word processing program to begin a new page. Note that the header and margins will be the same as in the body of your paper, and pagination will continue from the body of your paper.
In other words, if you set up the body of your paper correctly, the correct header and page number should appear automatically in your references section. For magazine and journal articles, the volume number, issue number, and pages where the article appears.
Before you start compiling your own references and translating referencing information from possibly other styles into APA style, you need to be able to identify each piece of information in the reference.
This can sometimes be challenging because the different styles format the information differently and may put it in different places within the reference. However, the types of information each of the referencing styles requires is generally the same. Once you find the referencing format you need in the guide, you can study the example and follow the structure to set up your own citations. The style guide also provides examples for how to do the in-text citation for quotes and paraphrasing from that type of source.
You may be asking yourself why you cannot just use the reference that is often provided on the first page of the source like a journal article , but you need to remember that not all authors use APA style referencing, or even if they do, they may not use the exact formatting you need to follow. Putting together a references page becomes a lot easier once you recognize the types of information you continually see in references.
For example, anytime you see something italicized for APA or underlined in MLA , you know it is the title of the major piece of writing, such as a book with chapters or an academic journal with multiple articles. Take a look at the examples below. If you are sourcing a chapter from a book, do not italicize the title of the chapter; instead, use double quotes.
You also need to include the pages of the chapter within the book. You do italicize the title of the book, similar to the journal article example above. The following box provides general guidelines for formatting the reference page. For the remainder of this chapter, you will learn about how to format reference entries for different source types, including multi-author and electronic sources.
Include the heading References, centred at the top of the page. The heading should not be boldfaced, italicized, or underlined. Use hanging indentation for each entry. The first line should be flush with the left margin, while any lines that follow should be indented five spaces. Hanging indentation is the opposite of normal indenting rules for paragraphs. For a work with multiple authors, use the last name of the first author listed.
Use sentence case for all other titles—books, articles, web pages, and other source titles. Capitalize the first word of the title. Do not capitalize any other words in the title except for the following:.
Use italics for book and journal titles. Do not use italics, underlining, or quotation marks for titles of shorter works, such as articles.
There are many word processing programs and websites available that allow you to just plug in your referencing information and it will format it to the style required. If you decide to use such a program, you must still check all your references against your referencing guide because the way those programs and sites piece the information together may not be the exact way you are expected to do so at your school. Always double check! If you need to consult outside sources to research a document you are creating, follow the general guidelines already discussed, as well as any industry-specific citation guidelines.
As is the case for in-text citations, formatting reference entries becomes more complicated when you are citing a source with multiple authors, various types of online media, or sources for which you must provide additional information beyond the basics listed in the general guidelines.
The following sections show how to format reference entries by type of source. For book-length sources and shorter works that appear in a book, follow the guidelines that best describe your source. Campbell, D. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Myers, C. Note that when the editor is listed after the title, you list the initials before the last name.
This is different from an anthology, which is a collection of articles or essays by different authors. For citing works in anthologies, see the guidelines later in this section. Freud, S. New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis J. Strachey, Trans. New York, NY: W. Original work published If you are using any edition other than the first, include the edition number in parentheses after the title.
List the name of the author s who wrote the chapter, followed by the chapter title. Follow the same process you would use to cite a book chapter, substituting the article or essay title for the chapter title. If the book lists the name of the editor s , include it in your citation. Indicate the volume number if applicable and page numbers in parentheses after the article title. Swedan, N. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers. New York, NY: Perigee. Carroll, D.
Managing type II diabetes. Chicago, IL: Southwick Press. Gestational diabetes. American Psychiatric Association. Treat these as you would a book published by a non-governmental organization, but be aware that these works may have an identification number listed.
If so, include the number in parentheses after the publication year. Census Bureau. The decennial censuses from to Publication No. DeMarco, R. Journal of Nursing Education, 49 5 , 1—4. In journals, page numbers are continuous across all the issues in a particular volume.
For instance, the winter issue may begin with page 1, and in the spring issue that follows, the page numbers pick up where the previous issue left off.
If you have ever wondered why a print journal did not begin on page 1, or wondered why the page numbers of a journal extend into four digits, this is why. Omit the issue number from your reference entry. Citing Sources. Search this Guide Search. Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper Offers detailed guidance on how to develop, organize, and write a college-level research paper in the social and behavioral sciences.
The Abstract Executive Summary 4. The Introduction The C. The Discussion Limitations of the Study 9. The Conclusion Appendices Definition A citation is a formal reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained information from while writing your research paper.
Importance of a Citing your Sources Citations document for your readers where you obtained your material, provide a means of critiquing your study based on the sources you used, and create an opportunity to obtain information about prior studies of the research problem under investigation.
Citing the works of others is important because: Proper citation allows readers to locate the materials you used. Citations to sources helps readers expand their knowledge on a topic.
One of the most effective strategies for locating authoritative, relevant sources about a topic is to review footnotes or references from known sources ["citation tracking"]. Citing other people's words and ideas demonstrates that you have conducted a thorough review of the literature on your topic and, therefore, you are reporting your research from an informed and critically engaged perspective.
The list of sources used increases your credibility as the author of the work. Other researcher's ideas can be used to reinforce your arguments. In many cases, another researcher's arguments can act as the primary context from which you can emphasize the significance of your study and to provide supporting evidence about how you addressed the "So What? The ideas of other researchers can be used to explain reasons for alternative approaches.
If you disagree with a researcher's ideas or you believe there is a gap in understanding the research problem, your citations can serve as sources from which to argue an alternative viewpoint or the need to pursue a different course of action. Ju st as the ideas of other researchers can bolster your arguments, they can also detract from your credibility if their research is challenged. Properly citing sources prevents your reputation from being tarnished if the facts or ideas of those cited are proven to be inaccurate or off-base.
It prevents readers from concluding that you ignored or dismissed the findings of others, even if they are disputed. Ideas are considered intellectual property and there can be serious repercussions if you fail to cite where you got an idea from.
In academe, failure to cite other people's intellectual property could lead to receiving a failing grade for the assignment or the course. In the professional world, failure to cite other people's intellectual property ruins careers and reputations and can result in legal action. Citing sources as a student in college will help you get in the habit of acknowledging and properly citing the work of others.
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