Probably the most common type of arthropod vector is the mosquito. There are three 3 kinds of mosquito vectors that transmit multiple kinds of diseases. They are Aedes , Anopheles, and Culex. These mosquitoes may carry parasitic , viral, or both types of pathogens organisms causing diseases. Figure 4 below shows all three types of mosquitoes.
Aedes aegypti is the mosquito species that is the most prevalent vector for the viral disease, dengue fever. The parasitic infection malaria , in turn, is one of the major causes of death in children under the age of five 5 and is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. Other arthropod vectors include aquatic snails, blackflies, fleas, lice, sandflies, ticks, triatome bugs, and tsetse flies. Rodent vectors also cause a lot of trauma and tribulations are they too spread many detrimental infectious diseases.
Rats and mice are the most common examples of disease vectors. These rodent vector pairs transmit over 35 vector-borne diseases. Mice and rats along with other rodent vectors were the main cause of the bubonic plague otherwise known as the black death of medieval Europe and caused millions of death in that era. The bubonic plague along with other diseases such as salmonellosis and leptospirosis plague our world today. Other rodent vectors include squirrels, guinea pigs, rabbits, and hammers among other rodents.
Molecular biology vectors are usually given specific names. For instance, the pBR is a biological vector example plasmid. The pBR is a plasmid cloning vector that is often used when working with prokaryotes like E. This particular microbiological vector was designed to replace two others that had malfunctioned in their functions and so they were unable to perform at their optimum as a vector.
The pBR had a remodeled structure in which the aim was to fit as many restriction enzyme cleavage sites as possible while ensuring the vector stayed as small as possible. Initially, the pBR was created to ensure that E. However, now the vector insert has been developed into products that can now assist with the cloning of specific functions and organisms.
And recently, human artificial chromosome have been developed that allow enormous pieces of DNA to be introduced and propagated into human cells. So vector is really just a means to take a piece of DNA that you're interested in and insert it, and select for it, and identify it in the organism that you want to propagate it in. David M. Bodine, Ph.
Plasmid vectors minimalistically consist of an origin of replication that allows for semi-independent replication of the plasmid in the host and also the transgene insert. In the case of plasmids utilized as transcription vectors, incubating bacteria with plasmids generates hundreds or thousands of copies of the vector within the bacteria in hours.
The vectors can be extracted from the bacteria, and the multiple cloning sites can be cut by restriction enzymes to excise the hundredfold or thousandfold amplified insert. These plasmid transcription vectors characteristically lack crucial sequences that code for polyadenylation sequences and translation termination sequences in translated mRNAs, making protein expression from transcription vectors impossible.
Conjugative vectors mediate DNA transfer through conjugation and therefore spread rapidly among the bacterial cells of a population, such as the F plasmid, as well as many R and some col plasmids. Non-conjugative vectors do not mediate DNA through conjugation, such as many R and col plasmids. Viral vectors are generally genetically-engineered viruses carrying modified viral DNA or RNA that has been rendered noninfectious, but still contain viral promoters and also the transgene.
The pUC plasmid has a high copy number, contains a multiple cloning site polylinker , a gene for ampicillin antibiotic selection, and can be used for the blue-white screen.
Image Source: Wikipedia. Contain origin of replication, allowing for replication-independent and found in prokaryotes. These plasmids contain the gene for special enzymes that break down specifics compound.
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